African Journal of Academic Publishing in Science and Technology (AJAPST)
The African Journal of Academic Publishing in Science and Technology (AJAPST) (ISSN 2978-5758) is published by the European Academy of Scientific Research. It is a quarterly, international, open-access journal dedicated to various disciplines of technology and allied sciences. AJAPST is a global medium of interaction between engineers, technologists, scientists, academicians, and industrial personnel. AJAPST publishes manuscripts (original research, review articles, short communications, and letters to the editor) on original work, either experimental or theoretical. Editor-In-Chief: Dr. Abdulhakeem Mohammed Dobi [Details] Title proper: African Journal of Academic Publishing in Science and Technology (AJAPST) ISSN: 2978-5758 Subject: Science and Technology Publisher: European Academy of Scientific Research Dates of publication: 2025 Frequency: Quarterly Language: English and Arabic Country: United Kingdom Medium: Electronic Version Open Access: Yes Licensing: CC-BY Contact: ajapst.editor@gmail.com
A Study for the Design of a Hybrid Solar Energy System Connected to the Grid (On-Grid): The Deanship of the Technical Institute of Mosul as a Case Study
This paper presents the design of On-Grid hybrid solar PV system to supply electrical power for Deanship building of the Technical Institute of Mosul at Northern Technical University․ The system was developed to reduce the consumption of electric energy from the public grid and to provide 24 hours sustainable energy․ The renewable energy system supplies electrical energy for the meeting room‚ lighting systems‚ the fire-detection system and the security cameras․ In terms of the applied active and continuous load calculations‚ and sizing of the inverter‚ PV and battery for the Mosul city conditions (e․g․‚ with available roof area = 1380 m2‚ seasonal solar declination angle‚ and shade distance between the PVs)‚ a 20 kVA hybrid system could be installed‚ either consisting of four 5 kVA inverters or two 10 kVA inverters‚ to feed the continuous loads․ Alternatively‚ a parallel 150 kW On-Grid system could be installed in the existing roof space using more than 220 high efficiency n-type HJT half-cut 550 W panels and would export approximately 52 kW of energy over the entire 8-hour day under sunny conditions per sub-array (i․e․ per inverter)․ These results indicate that the proposed hybrid is technically feasible and can considerably reduce electricity costs and promote energy sustainability in educational institutions․
The Explanatory Role of Competitive Awareness in The Relationship Between E-Marketing and The Quality of Banking Services: An Applied Study on Banks Operating In El Obeid City, North Kordofan State
The study aimed to identify the explanatory role of competitive intelligence in the relationship between e-marketing and the quality of banking services, an applied study on banks operating in Al-Obeid city, North Kordofan State. The problem of the study was reflected in the main question: How does competitive intelligence explain the relationship between e-marketing and the quality of banking services? The study was based on several hypotheses, including: Competitive intelligence explains the relationship between e-marketing and the quality of banking services in the banks operating in Al-Obeid city, North Kordofan State. The descriptive-analytical method was used, and a questionnaire was designed to collect data, with (265) questionnaires distributed, of which (263) were retrieved, yielding a recovery rate of (90.00%). The study reached the following results: Competitive intelligence explains the relationship between e-marketing dimensions (e-price, e-promotion) and the quality of banking services. The study recommended the following: Bank management should conduct an analytical study of the target market before determining the price and allocate an appropriate budget for promotion, which would achieve a competitive advantage.
Nour Al-Huda Abdul Jalil Muhammad Al-Siddiq
Enhancing Payment Card Security: A Review of Technologies, Behavioral Factors, Threads and Protection Methods
In recent years, and with the rapid advancement of communication technologies, e-commerce, credit cards, and electronic payment methods have become among the most widely used tools in commercial transactions. This widespread adoption has led to the emergence of various risks and threats that have negatively affected cardholders, prompting researchers to develop advanced protection mechanisms and enhance awareness among users of these payment methods. Thus, this paper presents a review of electronic payment technologies and behavioral factors that shape cybersecurity outcomes in payment card systems. It presents a comprehensive analysis based on two key dimensions related to securing and protecting electronic payment cards. The first dimension examines the latest protection techniques and modern technologies integrated into electronic payment systems, while the second focuses on users’ knowledge levels and behavioral patterns and their impact on payment card security. Human behavior remains a decisive factor, encompassing users’ daily practices. By combining these two dimensions, this paper provides a critical analysis of the current landscape, highlighting the risks and threats arising from the imbalance between technological advancement and behavioral awareness. In addition, credit fraud and protection methods are presented.
A Comprehensive Framework for an Autonomous Vehicle System Utilizing GPS, Google Maps, and Real-Time Sensor Fusion
This paper describes the design, development, and testing of a complete autonomous vehicle system. The main aim of this project is to develop a driverless transport system that can reach any destination provided by the user using global path planning through GPS and Google Maps and local path planning through sensor fusion. The system architecture consists of a global path planner, which takes input high-level routes and produces a series of waypoints for the local control unit. The local control unit is responsible for avoiding obstacles and keeping the vehicle within its lane boundaries and is also capable of altering the global path if conditions change along that path. A simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) allows users to input the destination and display the status of the system. The vehicle has a GPS module to know where it is, an IMU to know where it is orientated, ultrasonic or LiDAR sensors to sense its environment and more. According to experimental aggregation on a scaled model, the system was able to successfully reach destination from arbitrary source with smooth avoidance of static and dynamic obstacles along with maximum path adherence. This paper is a basic proof-of-concept showing that cloud-based navigation and real-time robot control can work together. Furthermore, this work establishes a roadmap toward further autonomy and reliability.
An Analysis of Power Sector Investment by Technology in the Middle East and North Africa
The power sector in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is undergoing a profound structural transformation. Historically dominated by state-owned utilities and reliant on abundant, subsidized fossil fuels, the region is now pivoting towards a more diversified, sustainable, and technologically advanced energy mix. This manuscript provides a detailed, three-phase analysis of power sector investment by technology across the MENA region. It examines the fossil fuel-dominated landscape of 2010, assesses the transitional and increasingly diversified investment patterns of 2023, and projects the anticipated investment landscape for 2035, driven by national climate pledges, economic diversification plans, and plummeting renewable energy costs. The analysis reveals a clear and accelerating shift: from capital expenditure (CAPEX) locked in hydrocarbon-based generation towards massive investments in solar PV and wind, with growing allocations for grid modernization, battery storage, and nascent clean technologies like green hydrogen. This transition, however, is uneven across the region and faces significant geopolitical, regulatory, and financial challenges.
A Systematic Mapping Study on Software Quality Issues in SCRUM using MATLAB Implementation
This systematic mapping study investigates software quality challenges in Scrum environments through comprehensive analysis of 48 empirical studies published between 2011-2023. The research identifies and categorizes 46 distinct quality issues across eight thematic areas, with Requirement Engineering Challenges (80%), Multi-team Environment Challenges (82%), and Agile Implementation Difficulties (85%) emerging as the most prevalent impediments to software quality. Our analysis reveals that quality issues in Scrum predominantly stem from organizational, procedural, and human factors rather than purely technical considerations. The study contributes a structured taxonomy of quality challenges and develops a MATLAB analytical framework for systematic visualization of challenge patterns, relationships, and temporal trends. Findings indicate that successful quality improvement requires addressing the interconnected nature of these challenges through holistic organizational interventions rather than isolated technical fixes. This research provides practitioners with evidence-based strategies for enhancing software quality in Scrum implementations while offering researchers a replicable methodology for systematic mapping studies.
A Study on the Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Libyan Laboratories
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent microbial infection impacting individuals of all ages throughout their lifespan. The current study intended to identify the microorganisms responsible for urinary tract infections and assess the antibiotic activity against these bacteria. Eight-two samples were gathered and analyzed from some privet laboratories to collect the samples such (Saray, Al-razi, and soug elguma laboratories). Bacterial species recovered from urine samples included Enterobacter spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Streptococcus spp. In the current study, the number of female cases exceeded that of male cases, with females comprising 62 cases at a rate of 75.6%, while males accounted for 20 cases at a rate of 24.4%. This investigation demonstrated that E. coli and Klebsiella sp. isolates were the main pathogens. Escherichia coli accounted for 39 cases, representing 47.5%, followed by Klebsiella species with 15 cases, corresponding to 18.2%. The antibiotic sensitivity test results indicated that the E. coli bacterium was susceptible to seftazidime, ceftriaxone, Augmentin, and cefixime, while exhibiting resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. The Klebsiella bacterium exhibited sensitivity to cefuroxime and resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, ceftazidime, cefixime, and Augmentin.
Libyan Universities' Roles in Defending the Climate Changes
Libyan universities play a crucial role in addressing Climate Change (CC) by. Through research, education, innovation, policy engagement, and community involvement, they contribute to understanding the causes and impacts of climate change. Additionally, developing innovative solutions, educating individuals, influencing policies, implementing sustainable practices, and fostering collaborations. Green Climate Fund (GCF) is one of the global financial organizations for mitigation and adaptation projects that are in a relationship with climate actions. As knowledge hubs, universities drive the transition to a sustainable and climate-resilient future with the help of the National Designated Authority (NDA) as the strategy planner and GCF connector through its members.
Study of The Compositional Quality of Some Types of Green Tea Traded in The Markets of Brak Al-Shati- Libya
This study evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of five green tea samples: Ahmed, Al-Jawhara, Al-Nabet, Hamza, and Wadi Jarf. Moisture content ranged from 3.48% in Al-Nabet tea to 6.26% in Wadi Jarf tea, indicating significant variability in water retention. Ash content was lowest in Al-Jawhara tea (4.72%) and highest in Ahmed tea (5.79%). Tannin levels varied, with Ahmed tea having the highest (13.49%) and Wadi Jarf the lowest (9.08%). Phenolic compound levels ranged from 126.67 GAE/g in Al-Nabet tea to 174.67 GAE/g in Ahmed tea, highlighting differences in antioxidant capacity. Acidity results showed close values across samples, with pH ranging from 5.42 in Wadi Jarf to 5.51 in Ahmed tea. Fiber content was lowest in Ahmed tea (0.3%) and highest in Al-Nabet tea (1.33%), which may reflect nutritional differences. Mineral analysis revealed Ahmed tea had the highest concentrations of magnesium (3.02%), zinc (0.06%), manganese (1.0%), and iron (4.4%), while Wadi Jarf tea generally showed the lowest levels. Interestingly, cobalt was highest in Wadi Jarf (0.07%) and lowest in Al-Jawhara (0.04%). Sensory evaluation ranked the teas in the following order of preference: Hamza, Ahmed, Al-Jawhara, Wadi Jarf, and Al-Nabet. These findings highlight clear differences in quality and composition among the tea samples, potentially influencing consumer perception and health benefits.
Advanced Image Detection and Processing Using MATLAB
A Whole Picture of Image Process for Image Detection and Processing by MATLAB which is Joint with Contrast Enhancement, Noise Reduction, Edge Detection and Segmentation. This paper introduced a methodology used in image detection and processing by MATLAB, which includes contrast enhancement, noise reduction, edge detection and segmentation. A properly tuned pipeline of CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization), Canny edge detection, and thresholding according to Otsu’s method, is suggested and tested using both PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index). Both quantitative and qualitative results show that our approach outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods, especially in medical and industrial imaging. Challenges in the low light conditions are described, and future avenues are proposed.
Numerical Investigation of a Composite-Based Cooling System Using Finite Element Analysis
This study presents a numerical investigation of a cooling system designed using composite materials, with an emphasis on thermal and structural performance analysis through Finite Element Method (FEM). The model was developed using ANSYS Workbench, where steady-state thermal and structural simulations were conducted to evaluate temperature distribution, thermal deformation, and stress generation under different operating conditions. The results were compared with those of a traditional metallic cooling system to highlight the advantages of using composite materials in terms of thermal resistance and weight reduction. The findings indicate that composite materials can significantly improve system performance while maintaining mechanical integrity, suggesting their potential use in lightweight and high-efficiency applications such as electronics and automotive systems.
Prediction of HAZ Maximum Hardness in Tig Welding Process by Using Response Surface Methodology Based on JWES ANN Model
This study presents a developing modeling approach integrating Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the JWES (ANN) model to predict the maximum hardness of the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. Using EH36 TMCP steel as the base material, experimental design through Central Composite Design (CCD) was conducted by varying welding current, voltage, and velocity. The HAZ maximum hardness values were predicted via JWES ANN model and compared against those derived from RSM-based regression equations. The model demonstrated high accuracy, with a Predicted R² of 0.9821 and Adequate Precision ratio of 84.226. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of key process parameters. The results validate the effectiveness of combining JWES ANN model predictions with RSM optimization in achieving accurate HAZ maximum hardness modeling.
Anovel Algorithm for Efficient Selective Mapping PAPR Reduction Technique in OFDM Systems
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely used modulation technique in modern wireless communication systems due to its robustness against multipath fading and high spectral efficiency. However, one of its major drawbacks is the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), which leads to nonlinear distortion in high-power amplifiers (HPAs). Selective Mapping (SLM) is a promising PAPR reduction technique, but its high computational complexity remains a challenge. This paper proposes an ANOVEL (Adaptive Novel Selective Mapping) algorithm to enhance the efficiency of SLM by intelligently selecting phase sequences and reducing computational overhead. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ANOVEL algorithm achieves significant PAPR reduction with lower computational complexity compared to conventional SLM.
Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Academic Publishing in Science and Technology (AJAPST)
Energy Management and Metaheuristic Methods for Cost-Effective and Reliable Vehicle-to-Grid Sizing
The integration of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems into modern power grids has emerged as a promising solution to enhance grid stability, reduce energy costs, and promote renewable energy utilization. However, the optimal sizing of V2G systems remains a critical challenge due to the conflicting objectives of minimizing costs and maximizing reliability. This paper proposes a novel approach that combines the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) with a rule-based energy management scheme to address the sizing problem of V2G systems. The GOA is employed to optimize the system configuration, while the rule-based energy management scheme ensures efficient energy distribution and utilization. The proposed methodology is evaluated through a case study, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving a balance between cost and reliability. The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms traditional methods in terms of both economic and operational performance.
Design and Analysis of a Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS Applications
In this work, we presented microstrip antenna operating at 1.575GHz frequency of (GPS applications). Microstrip patch antennas are widely used in Global Positioning System (GPS) applications due to their compact size, low profile, and ease of integration with RF circuits. This manuscript presents the design, simulation, and performance analysis of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna operating at the GPS L1 frequency (1.575 GHz). The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant (εᵣ) of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. Key performance parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, and gain are evaluated using electromagnetic simulation software (ANSYS HFSS/CST Microwave Studio). While the antenna simulation was done using advanced design system (ADS-Agilent) software. The proposed antenna demonstrates good impedance matching, directional radiation characteristics, and a gain of approximately 3–5 dBi, making it suitable for GPS applications.
Design and Optimization of a Bluetooth Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents the design, simulation, and optimization of a microstrip patch antenna optimized for Bluetooth applications (2.4–2.485 GHz). The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate (εr = 4.3) with a compact structure suitable for IoT, wearable devices, and wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna is simulated using ANSYS HFSS (or CST Microwave Studio), achieving a return loss (S11) < -10 dB, impedance matching at 50 Ω, and a radiation efficiency > 80%. Parametric studies and optimization techniques (e.g., Particle Swarm Optimization) are employed to enhance performance. The simulation of this antenna was done by advanced design system (ADS-A gillnet) software.
Managers' Opinions on the Role of Technology Tools in Remote Work and Administrative Leadership in Banks
The banking sector is undergoing a significant transformation in the work environment, driven by the widespread adoption of technological tools and remote work models, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study highlights the perspectives and experiences of bank managers in navigating this digital shift, examining the effectiveness of technological tools in supporting remote work and the challenges faced by administrative leaders in managing virtual teams. The research employed a mixed-methodology approach, including in-depth interviews with a sample of bank managers and an extensive online survey. The findings revealed a strong consensus among managers regarding the pivotal role of digital communication and collaboration tools in maintaining the continuity of banking operations. These tools were found to facilitate seamless team communication and improve workflow coordination. However, the study also identified major challenges related to cybersecurity and data privacy, necessitating additional investments and heightened attention from senior management. From a leadership perspective, the study underscored a fundamental shift in traditional management practices, with digital leadership and virtual team management skills becoming critical for success in the new banking environment. Managers emphasized the urgent need to develop new performance evaluation methods and build trust in the absence of face-to-face interaction, while balancing flexibility and accountability in remote employee management. This study asserts that digital transformation in the banking sector is not merely about adopting new technologies but requires a comprehensive reevaluation of organizational culture and leadership models. It provides valuable insights for practitioners and decision-makers on the key factors ensuring the success of flexible work strategies in financial institutions. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to keep pace with rapid technological advancements and their implications for the future of banking.
As the sensitive use of SMS grows every day, researchers have been devising ways to secure it. However, some of the algorithms proposed by researchers or solutions that have flooded the market have not fully aided SMS security, making it difficult to choose appropriate solutions that align with users' needs, which is key to protecting sensitive information. Finding the right solution to secure SMS is still a problem today in sectors like banking, E-commerce and even individual usage. The idea of using encryption is not new, but employing the right solution to secure SMS is yet to be achieved by all. In this thesis, we analyzed and evaluated AES, Camellia and RC6 algorithms for securing SMS on Android platform and over the network. A comparative study was carried out on these algorithms using performance metrics: Encryption, decryption, and key generation time. The result shows that Camellia with key sizes 128, 192 and 256 bits was the fastest to encrypt a text while RC6 with key sizes 128, 192 and 256 bits was the fastest to decrypt a text. Camellia and RC6 with key sizes 128, 192 and 256 bits generate keys at almost the same speed. AES of key sizes 128, 192 and 256 bits was slower in generating keys, encrypting and decrypting a message when compared to Camellia and RC6. The findings from this research support the idea of using Camellia and RC6 more often for SMS encryption.
The infrastructure of the Libyan electric grid & the opportunities and obstculs of utlizing solar and wind Energies
Renewable energy is the headline of almost all countries' development plans. Although there are many challenges facing the Libyan electric grid for utilizing renewable energies (solar & wind), such as lack of required legislation to manage the investment in the energy field and mismanagement in addition to several technical problems, there exist big and real chances. These changes include strong and long-hour sunlight, wide areas for installing solar plants in addition to the long coast for wind farms, and the good possibility of financing renewable projects. The main goal of this paper is to present and discuss the current infrastructure of the Libyan electric grid, particularly its weak and strong points and the most important chances and challenges of making use of renewable energies in Libya, especially solar and wind energies for securing the energy demand and energy security, saving money for sustainable development.
Environmental Projects and Their Impact on Sustainable Development in Libya
Sustainable development is a prominent issue in both developed and developing countries, influencing numerous elements. Environmental initiatives in Libya are essential for advancing sustainable development in the face of climate change, political instability, and economic limitations. These programs concentrate on ecological restoration, resource management improvement, and the implementation of renewable energy alternatives. These programs enhance environmental resilience and community well-being by tackling issues including desertification, water scarcity, and pollution. Incorporating local populations in project development and implementation guarantees that solutions are culturally relevant and economically sustainable. Moreover, successful environmental initiatives can generate economic prospects via eco-tourism and sustainable agriculture, promoting a more sustainable and resilient future for Libya. This study underscores the significance of ongoing investment in ecology and renewable sources.
The State-of-the-Art of Electrification of Internet of Energy (IoE) for Electric Vehicles Considering Smart Grids
The electrification of the Internet of Energy (IoE) for Electric Vehicles (EVs), supported by smart grids, represents a transformative approach to addressing the challenges of integrating EVs into modern energy systems. As EV adoption accelerates globally, the strain on energy infrastructure and the need for sustainable energy solutions have become critical concerns. IoE, a digitalized and interconnected energy ecosystem, enables real-time communication, data exchange, and optimization of energy flows. When combined with smart grids, it facilitates advanced functionalities such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, dynamic pricing, and renewable energy integration. This integration not only enhances grid stability and efficiency but also transforms EVs into active participants in the energy network, capable of storing and supplying energy. Cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and wireless charging are driving this evolution, offering benefits such as reduced carbon emissions, cost savings, and improved scalability. However, challenges such as infrastructure investment, interoperability, and data security must be addressed to fully realize the potential of this system. This article explores the state-of-the-art advancements, benefits, and future directions of IoE and smart grid integration for EVs, highlighting its pivotal role in shaping a sustainable and resilient energy future.
Performance comparison of different modulation formats for a 40 GHZ DWDM optical fiber communication system
One essential optical technology for multiplexing numerous different wavelengths toward a single optical cable is dense wavelength division multiplexing or DWDM. This article describes a dispersion compensating mechanism for a 32-channel DWDM system model. The optical link's pulse broadening effect is limited using the dispersion compensation approach. The 32-channel DWDM system employing DCF for NRZ Modulation Scheme at Different Bit Rate with Different Power Levels is investigated, evaluated, and simulated to solve the dispersion issue. Using an NRZ modulation technique and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) over a 40–160 km single-mode fiber transmission distance and an 8–32 km dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), the suggested model operates at 10–40 Gbps.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
Exploring the Future of Transportation in Arabic Region: Modeling a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle in MATLAB Simulink
In a world where sustainability and efficiency are paramount, integrating Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (HEVs) into the transportation landscape represents a significant leap forward. This paper delves into the process of modeling a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle in MATLAB Simulink, a powerful platform for simulating and analyzing dynamic systems. By leveraging Simulink's capabilities, engineers and researchers can design and evaluate complex hybrid powertrains, control strategies, and energy management systems, contributing to the evolution of sustainable mobility solutions. As the automotive industry continues to embrace electrification, the development of HEV models in Simulink will play a pivotal role in advancing vehicle design and technology, ushering in a transformative era in transportation.
A Comprehensive Review of Solar Energy Technologies: From Photovoltaics to Concentrated Solar Power
The global shift towards sustainable energy systems necessitates effective utilization of renewable energy sources, with solar energy being a pivotal component. This comprehensive review examines two primary solar energy technologies: photovoltaics (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP). PV technology, which directly converts sunlight into electricity using semiconductor materials, has advanced significantly, particularly with silicon-based cells achieving high efficiencies and cost reductions. Emerging materials such as perovskites promise further efficiency improvements. CSP technology, which concentrates sunlight to generate heat and subsequently electricity, excels in integrating thermal energy storage, providing dispatchable power. Despite higher initial costs and geographical limitations, CSP systems are advancing through innovations in high-temperature working fluids and storage solutions. This paper provides a detailed comparison of PV and CSP technologies, highlighting their respective strengths, challenges, and future directions. The analysis underscores the importance of both technologies in creating a diversified and sustainable energy portfolio, crucial for addressing global energy challenges and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.